<p>Wesley Chapel, also known as the "Hopetown Church", is a historic church building in the unincorporated community of Hopetown, Ohio, United States.</p><br>
<p>Built of brick on a stone foundation, the church features a distinctive pyramid-shaped roof above the 1888 addition. At one time, the church also included a tower above the entrance; the tower was the portion of the building hit by the 1926 lightning strike, and it was removed as a result. The various architectural elements combine to form a building that is distinctively in the Gothic Revival style.</p><br>
<p>From its earliest years, Wesley Chapel was the center of community life in Hopetown. The community was settled during the final years of the eighteenth century; the oldest graves in the church&#39;s cemetery date from the 1790s. For decade after decade, the church was the location of social activities, such as quilting bees and fish fries. Many years passed without the church being able to obtain its own minister, so it was served by circuit-riding ministers instead. Despite the prosperity brought by the coming of the Ohio and Erie Canal in the 1830s, Hopetown remained small; Wesley Chapel was always at the heart of a small settlement.</p><br>
<p>In 1979, Wesley Chapel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its historically significant architecture and because of its important place in local history. More than forty Ross County locations are on the Register, but Wesley Chapel is the only religious building among them.</p><br>
<p>New Farm Loch was situated in a low-lying area between the farms of Holehouse and New Farm in the Parish of Kilmarnock, New Farm Loch, East Ayrshire. The loch was mostly artificial, having been developed as a curling pond, fed by the Hillhouse Burn through seasonal flooding. The loch was drained via Holehouse Farm Burn.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Origins</h3><br>
<p>This curling loch, covering approximately 0.33 ha and around 2 feet deep, was established by co-operation between the Duke of Portland&#39;s factor and the local curling clubs in 1845; the site was prone to seasonal flooding from the Hillhouse Burn and being shallow it froze over quickly and was relatively safe. A match is recorded from as early as 1843. also used by ice skaters. Photographs circa 1900 shows a stone built pavilion or curling house at the site with a long wooden canopy and the 1938 Ordnance Survey map shows two pavilions situated on the loch banks either side of the access from Newfarm Loch.</p><br>
<h3>Decline</h3><br>
<p>By 1957 the pavilions and curling storage buildings had disappeared and the loch is marked as disused. In 1957/8 a local from New Farm recorded that the fields around the loch were littered with curling stones and the loch itself, although drained, was still very visible; an oblong shape totally surrounded by trees with the drainage apparatus at the end and a sawmill on the edge nearest to New Farm. The Dick Institute in Kilmarnock holds oil paintings and photographs of curlers on New Farm Loch. One, by local artist Alexander MacKay, shows a late afternoon view, there are crowds out on the ice, with a wide range of townsfolk. Several games of curling underway but some are entertaining themselves by pushing others over. This partly artificial loch provided ice for curling and skating for over 100 years. In the early days of the new scheme the loch was used as a site for grand fetes.</p><br>
<h3>Present day</h3><br>
<p>The loch site is still bordered by mature trees planted to provide shelter for the curlers. It has not been built on, apart from a sports facility and childrens swings, etc. It is however surrounded on three sides by houses and apartments built between 1968 and the mid-1970s. New Farm itself no longer exists; it stood about one fields distance away from the loch.</p><br>
<p>Remains of the old sluice are visible close to the old overflow. An extensive drainage system now prevents the loch from becoming marshy ground or filling again. The drainage ditch ran from the southern end towards Holehouse Farm where it joined the Hillhouse Burn, running into the New Mill Burn, eventually emptying into the River Irvine.</p><br>
<h2>Micro-history</h2><br>
<p>The other curling pond in the Kilmarnock area was situated in the grounds of the Craufurdland Estate.</p><br>
<p>Union Hall is a historic commercial building located at North Salem, Westchester County, New York. It is impossible to trace its original owner and the date it was built due to omissions in the Land Records Office in White Plains. It was built around 1848 in the Italianate style. It is built into the side of a steep slope and has a two story front facade and four stories at the rear. It is a rectangular, wood frame building sheathed in unpainted clapboard. The building once functioned as a store, meeting hall, stagecoach stop, and residence. Also on the property there was a contributing carriage barn. However The Carriage Barn roof caved in due to heavy snows in January 1996 and was demolished in 2001. It is currently owned by Janis Menken.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Sava Hills  are the eastern part of the Slovene Prealps. They are oriented in the east-west direction and are located to the north and south of the Sava River in central and eastern Slovenia, among the Ljubljana Basin to the west, the Celje Basin to the north, the Lower Carniola valley system and the Krško Basin to the south, and the Sotla Hills to the east. They cover an area of 1,909 km&sup2; and are the largest Slovenian mesoregion.</p><br>
<p>The region has an average elevation of only 484 m, and an average inclination of 16.6°. It is water-rich, because the ground contains copious impermeable rocks, particularly sandstone and conglomerate at lower elevations, whereas at higher elevations, it mainly consists of limestone and dolomite. Predominantly deciduous forest covers almost two thirds of the area. The Sava flows through its central part from the west to the east. Notable rises along it are Kum (1,220 m) to the south of the Sava, Mount Čemšenik (1,204 m), Javor (1,133 m), and Mrzlica (1,122 m) to the north of the Sava and to the west of the Savinja River, and Bohor (1,023 m) and Lisca (948 m) to the north of the Sava and the east of the Savinja. The Savinja flows through the hills transversely from the Celje Basin and joins the Sava at Zidani Most.</p><br>
<p>About 135,000 people live in the Sava Hills. The settlements Litija in the Litija Basin and Trbovlje, Zagorje ob Savi, and Hrastnik in the narrow Central Sava Valley are known by their mining and timber rafting past and the energetics industry. The town of Radeče at the beginning of the wider Lower Sava Valley is known after paper industry. Other economic activities in the region are services, forestry, and livestock production. A railroad links places along the Sava and another one links places along the Savinja, both joining at Zidani Most. Since 2005, a highway crosses the northern Sava Hills and connects the Ljubljana Basin and the Celje Basin through the Trojane Tunnel. A historically important old road crosses them over the Trojane Pass (585 m).</p><br>
<p>The Amanian Gate  or Bahçe Pass , also known as the Amanus Pass or Amanides Pylae , is a mountain pass located on the border between Osmaniye and Gaziantep provinces in south-central Turkey. The pass provides a way through the northern Amanus Mountains , connecting Cilicia to southern Anatolia and northern Syria. It is one of two passes through the Amanus, the other being the Syrian Gate to the south.</p><br>
<p>The Amanian Gate was mentioned in the ancient Nabonidus Chronicle.</p><br>
<h2>The Amanian Gate and the Battle of Issus</h2><br>
<p>The pass played an important role leading to the Battle of Issus. The Persian army advanced through the Amanic Gate or another nearby pass, coming behind the Macedonian army which turned back to face and defeat the Persian army. The exact Persian strategy remains in dispute. According to Jona Lendering, after a part of Alexander the Great army occupied the Syrian Gate, Darius III of Persia decided to lead his army north through the Amanian Gate and place his army between the two Macedonian armies at the town of Issus. However, the Macedonians joined forces before the arrival of Darius, and the outcome was Persian defeat. However, Donald Engels rejects a similar interpretation.</p><br>
<h2>The Amanian Gate and the Mardaites</h2><br>
<p>According to some historians, after the conquest of the Levant by the Arab Caliphate, the Mardaites, Christians following either Miaphysitism or Monothelitism, gained a semi-independent status around the Amanus Mountains within the Byzantine-Arab border region.</p><br>
<p>They initially agreed to serve as spies for the Arabs and to guard the Amanian Gate, but their loyalty was intermittent and they often sided with the Byzantines instead.</p><br>
<p>Letcombe Brook is a 7.5 mi stream in the Vale of White Horse in Oxfordshire, England. It rises at the foot of the Berkshire Downs in Letcombe Bassett and flows through Letcombe Regis, Wantage, Grove and East Hanney to join Childrey Brook, which is a tributary of the River Ock, which is a tributary of the River Thames.</p><br>
<p>Letcombe Brook is a chalk stream, which is globally rare.</p><br>
<p>The Letcombe Brook Charitable Trust was established as a memorial to the poet Sir John Betjeman, who lived in the area for many years. In 1972, the year he was appointed Poet Laureate, he wrote the poem "On Leaving Wantage", which begins "I like the ways these old brick garden walls run unevenly down to Letcombe Brook".</p><br>
<p>The brook runs through the Letcombe Valley a 7.5 hectare nature reserve near Letcombe Regis which was opened in 2010. The Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust has been given a 50-year lease and a grant of £230,000 to manage the site as a nature reserve by a local developer.</p><br>
<p>The Hiller Building also known as the Schick Apartments, is located on the edge of downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States. The Federal style building is a row house. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The property on which the building stands is in the oldest section of the city. It was purchased by John Hiller from Davenport founder and developer Antoine LeClaire in 1847. Hiller himself was a builder who is responsible for the construction the Clock Tower building on the Rock Island Arsenal. The building was built in three sections in 1852, 1856 and 1859. It is not certain which of the three sections is the original. The Schick family bought the building from the Hillers in 1902. It is believed that this is one of the oldest extant buildings in Davenport.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The two-story rectangular structure houses apartments that are symmetrically arranged along interior corridors. The north wall is composed of stone laid in ashlar fashion and covered in stucco. There are rough irregular shaped stones on the basement level and on the upper two floors of the main façade. The north side of the façade features stone pilasters with mock capital wood crowns that flank the entranceway. The northeast corner has stone quoins. The side walls and one in the middle are stepped at the top and the structure is topped with a gabled roof.</p><br>
<p>The Peter J. Paulsen House is a historic building located on the hill above downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States. The Queen Anne style residence was built by Peter J. Paulsen, who operated a grocery store on West Second Street. It exhibits the features that are characteristic this popular late 19th-century style: an asymmetrical composition, irregular roofscale, and a corner tower with a conical roof. The tower itself rises out of an oriel window on the first and second floors. The Paulsen house also maintains some if its exterior features, including scallop-shaped wall shingles in the gables and narrow clapboards. The south gable also contains a Palladian window and the front gable a semicircular window. The house has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983.</p><br>
<p>The J.C. Peters House is a historic building located in the West End of Davenport, Iowa, United States. While he was probably not the original occupant of the house J.C. Peters and his family lived here from 1884 into the 1890s. Peters, who had been a farmer, was of German descent and represents the ethnic makeup of this northwest Davenport neighborhood. The house itself is a Greek Revival structure, which is one of the original architectural styles used in Davenport. It pre-dates most of the other houses in the neighborhood. The 1½-story, brick house, follows a rectangular plan. It features a three-bay front, a rectangular bay on the east side and an addition off the back of the house. The entrance vestibule on the front of the house is also an addition. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Joachim Plambeck House is a historic building located in the West End of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It and the neighboring Claus Untiedt House are replicas of each other, although the Plambeck House has more alterations. The 2-story Late Victorian style residence features a three-bay façade with a side entrance and a front gable. An enclosed porch was added in the re-entrant angle. Stone hoods that sit flush with the exterior wall decorate the tops of the rectangular windows. The light pink brick structure rests on a stone foundation that has subsequently been covered with cement. Joachim Plambeck, who was the first occupant of this house, was a German immigrant and worked as a woodworker. The house has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Elizabeth Pohlmann House is a historic building located in the West End of Davenport, Iowa, United States. Elizabeth Pohlmann was the widow of Herman B. Pohlmann, and she had this house built in 1896. The Pohlmann&#39;s were part of the German-ethnic community that lived on the northwest side of Davenport. The house features the hip roof and gable projections typically found in the Queen Anne style. But it also includes full cornice returns, which create pediments, and light colored brick typical of the Colonial Revival style. The 2½-story residence also features a main entrance framed by sidelights and an art glass transom over a plate glass parlor window. Both the front and the back of the house are missing prominent porches that were originally part of the structure. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Church of St. Anselm is a Roman Catholic parish church under the authority of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York, located at 685 Tinton Avenue in the Mott Haven neighborhood of the Bronx in New York City. It was established in 1891 and is staffed by the Order of Augustinian Recollects. Previously it was staffed by the Benedictine Friars.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The present church was built 1918 in the Byzantine Revival style. Its design is inspired by the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey. It is an approximately two-story brick building topped by a large dome surrounded by a series of smaller domes. It is possible that Kloster worked for Steinback at the time.</p><br>
<p>The adjacent school is a four-story, brick building with terra cotta accents in the Classical Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The church and school were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Potter–Williams House was a historic building located on the east side of Davenport, Iowa, United States. This Vernacular style Greek Revival residence was built in 1873. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, and has subsequently been torn down.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Waldo M. Potter, the editor of the Davenport Gazette, had this house built from 1872 to 1873. Alexander F. Williams, a partner in the wholesale and retail hardware firm Seig & Williams, bought the house in 1878. He continued to live here into the 1890s. Williams initially was involved in dry goods, but eventually moved into hardware. Seig & Williams was formed in 1869 and sold heavy hardware. Williams oversaw the buying for the company.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house was neither a pure representation of the Greek revival style nor was it a typical expression of the style built by local builders. Instead, it was an adaptation based on the unusual topography of the site. From three sides the house was three stories tall, but the west side was built into a hill, so it appeared to be only two stories. It also stood out in a neighborhood that was mostly made up of small to medium-sized frame houses.</p><br>
<p>The Potter–Williams House was a T-shaped structure with a gabled roof and a three-story porch in the reentrant angle. The gable ends featured a wide, molded frieze. The first floor was composed of battered stone walls while the upper floors were brick. All of the windows were rectangular, and those on the second floor were taller than the windows on the other floors. The lintels were all composed of stone, and were probably influenced by the Italianate style that gained in prominence in Davenport after the American Civil War. Another decorative feature that was popular in other Greek revival houses in the city was a narrow molding strip that suggested a frieze. The hood over the west entrance of the house reflected the American Craftsman style.</p><br>
<p>The Rowhouses at 702-712 Kirkwood Boulevard is a historic building located on the east side of Davenport, Iowa, United States. The Tudor Revival structure has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1984.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This four-unit rowhouse was completed in 1905. Working class couples where the first occupants of the units. The heads of household of the four families were Bela Nagy, who worked as a draughtsman at Davenport Machine & Foundry; Albert Katz, who was the vice president of the Why Clothing Company; Rufus Scott, who worked for the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad; and Norman Godfrey, who was the secretary of the Mississippi River Sash & Door Association.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Buildings that housed more than one family were built in Davenport by at least the American Civil War. Although they were larger and had more entrances, rowhouses and duplexes built in the 19th-century generally resembled single-family homes. Around 1900 apartment buildings of three or more stories were built along more "urban" lines. The rowhouses that were built after the turn of the 20th-century tended to resemble rows of commercial blocks. This rowhouse returned to the earlier practice of building multi-family housing that resembled a single-family dwelling. It follows the English Tudor style that was popular in domestic architecture at that time in Davenport. The prominent gables indicate the location of the individual units.</p><br>
<p>The Louis C. and Amelia L. Schmidt House is a historic building located in a residential neighborhood on the east side of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Louis Schmidt was born in East Davenport in 1860 and was educated in the local public schools. He attended a Davenport business college and worked as a carpenter and contractor. Schmidt was a member of Carpenters Union No. 4 and worked initially in a partnership with John H. Bertram as Schmidt & Bertram. Amelia L. Huschke was born near Davenport in 1866. The couple were married on November 26, 1889, at St. Margarets Cathedral, and they lived in a house on Bridge Avenue with their three children. They bought this property in 1891 and he built this house in 1895. The house served as the familys residence and as the base for Louis business. The Schmidts lived in this house until the 1940s. Louis died in 1942 at 81 and Amelia died in 1957 at 91, and she out-lived her four children. She had sold the house in 1947 to Ruth Burchell, an antiques dealer. Burchell, who was single, lived here with George A. and Mabel Burchell, and Robert L. Burchell who worked as a furniture refinisher.</p><br>
<p>Ernest and Inez Enge bought the house in 1950. He worked for the Davenport, Rock Island, and North Western Railroad. They sold the southern portion of the property to Mary E. Hootman in 1953. Inez died in 1976 at the age 85, and Ernest and his daughter Inez continued to live in the house. He transferred the title of the property to his children in 1980 and continued to live here until at least 1983. Ernest died in 1987 at the age of 99 at his son&#39;s home in Canton, Illinois. The houses was rented to Joseph and Elaine Sheil from 1984 to 1989. Tina Burroughs, a realtor, bought the house in 1989 and lived here until 1991. Raymond, a biologist at Scott Community College, and Cheryl Reeves lived here from 1991 to 1996. They sold the property to Jolene M. Boddorf, who worked at the Rock Island Arsenal in 1996 and she sold it to William and Rebecca McCarley in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Schmidt House is a fine example of a Queen Anne style home that was popular in Davenport in the 1890s. It is typical of the simplified, middle-class interpretation of the style. It is a two-story, frame structure with a hip roof with lower projecting gables and an irregular form. There is a front projecting gable-roof section and gable roofs extend over the two-story angled bay windows on the north and south elevations of the structure. A gable-roof section also extends from the back of the main hip-roof in the rear of the house. The gables feature fishscale wood shingles, carved boards, dentils, beads, and multi-light windows. The side porch at the rear of the house has turned columns, pilasters and balustrade, with decorative carved brackets. The large window on the front of the house features a leaded color transom. The stair window is a common style utilized in Queen Anne houses.</p><br>
<p>The front porch is the only major exterior change to the Schmidt House. The house was originally built with a side porch, but no front porch. It was added sometime in the 1910s or the 1920s in the American Craftsman style. It features wide eaves, tapered square columns that rest on rusticated concrete block piers, and a wooden balustrade.</p><br>
<p>The Regalmspitze  is a 2,253 m high, lesser known mountain in the Kaisergebirge in the Northern Limestone Alps in Austria. The name Regalmwand , refers to the 2,227 m high subpeak to the west of the Regalmspitze.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Regalmspitze and its subpeak rise in the eastern part of the Kaisergebirge mountains, often referred to as the Ostkaiser or "East Kaiser". They lie somewhat east of the Kleines Törl and west of the high and better-known Ackerlspitze. Seen from the south, from the area of Going, the Ostkaiser forms a famous mountain backdrop which includes the Regalmspitze.</p><br>
<h2>Routes</h2><br>
<p>Approaches</p><br>
<p>Because of its challenging approach route the Regalmspitze is one of the unknown and rarely climbed peaks on the Wilder Kaiser ridge. The normal route should only be attempted by mountaineers with sure footing, no fear of heights and climbing agility. The approach is usually made from the south, i.e. from the Gaudeamus Hut or from the Ackerl Hut over the signposted Gildensteig climbing path, past the Wildererkanzel zigzagging up to the memorial tablet south of and below the Kleines Törl. Another option is an approach from the north, i.e. from the Griesner Alm in the Kaiserbach valley via the Fritz Pflaum Hut and the Kleines Törl to the memorial plaque.</p><br>
<p>Normal route</p><br>
<p>Near the aforementioned memorial plaque, the signposted, but unsecured normal route branches off up to the Regalmspitze ab. It crosses steep slopes to a rocky gully, runs up the gully and then continues over very steep terrain and short steps to the wind gap between the Regalmwand and Regalmspitze. This is where the main challenge, the 5 metre high, vertical wall of the Wandl has to be overcome (UIAA climbing grade II). Once over that the route continues without any difficulty over easy rocks up to the summit cross on the Regalmspitze.</p><br>
<p>The John Schricker House is a historic building located in the far West End of Davenport, Iowa, United States. The house has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1985.</p><br>
<h2>John C. Schricker</h2><br>
<p>John Schricker was a stone and marble contractor. His work included the Dillon Memorial in downtown Davenport and the Iowa Soldiers and Sailors Monument on the grounds of the Iowa State Capitol in Des Moines. Schricker became a partner along with Captain Chris Schricker and F.G. Roddler in the Davenport Pearl Button Company in 1895. The company made buttons from clam shells harvested from the Mississippi River. They remained in business until the 1930s. Schricker hired the Davenport architectural firm of Clausen & Clausen to design this house, which was built between 1909 and 1910.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Villa form of the Italianate style was popular in Davenport, especially in the 1870s and the 1880s. For the most part, they were built on or near the tops of the bluffs and their towers provided an excellent view of the Mississippi River Valley below. This is Schrickers second significant house in Davenport and he built it on a bluff on the far west side of the city in a place that remains fairly rural. It is one of the last expressions of the Italianate Villa found in Davenport. The house is an updated and simplified version of the style. It features a plain brick exterior and lacks the decorative window surrounds and bracketed cornices that were popular in the Victorian era. The primary decorative details are found at the houses main entrance. It features a wrought iron grill that was generally not found in Davenport until Mediterranean/Spanish Colonial Revival architecture became popular in the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The Alvord I. Smith House is a historic building located in the West End of Davenport, Iowa, United States. The residence has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Alvord Smith was a farmer at the time he had this house built in 1868. In time he would become a general agent for the Charter Oak Life Insurance Company. Several other people owned the house after him and before Herman Steffen bought it around 1880. Steffen had retired as the manager of the St. Louis House and Saloon downtown when he bought the house.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Alvord I. Smith House is a typical example of the simplified Italianate style house with Greek Revival elements built in mid-19th century Davenport. It features a nearly square, boxy form with a shallow hipped roof with wide eaves and a simplified cornice. The house also has cast iron lintels that are in the shape of shallow triangular pediments. A small porch frames the main entrance</p><br>
<p>The James Smith House is a historic building located on the east side of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1984.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1865. James and Maria Smith began living here in 1878, and were more than likely not the first residents of the house. James worked as a laborer and after his death his wife and sister continued to live here.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The rectangular two-story, three bay, front gable, frame house follows the form of the Greek Revival style. It is a prototype from which a Vernacular house style known as the "McClelland" was most likely derived. While the basic form is the same, the proportions of this house are wider and the roof pitch is lower. The structure also exhibits influence of the Italianate style, which is found in the projecting cornices and tall, narrow front windows on the main floor. A front porch, which was extent in 1910, has subsequently been removed.</p><br>
<p>The William G. Smith House is a historic building located on the east side of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1984.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William G. Smith, who was the president of A.J. Smith and Sons, had this house built in 1894. The firm was started by his father and dealt in retail furniture and carpets sales.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>This two-story, frame house follows an irregular plan. It is eclectic in nature in that its builder borrowed from several architectural styles that are disassociated chronologically and based on a personal aesthetic. Though the practice was not uncommon in late 19th-century Davenport the other examples of eclecticism are transitional from one style to another. The Smith House features a complex roofscape that begins with a large main roof shaped as a truncated asymmetrical gable in the back and a neo-mansard in the front. There are three gables on the west side of the house with one of them perpendicular to the other two. One of the more eclectic features of the structure is the Gothic Revival front gable located above a Colonial Revival entrance. The entrance-way features engaged columns, a semi-circular fanlight, and a columned porch at the southwest corner. The house is located on a large corner lot with shaded grounds that contribute to its sense of prominence.</p><br>
<p>The George B. Swan House is a historic building located on the east side of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>George B. Swan was the yardmaster for the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad. Their roundhouse and switching yards were located down Farnam Street from his house. He had this house was constructed in 1881 when the lot was subdivided from the LeClaire family&#39;s homestead.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is a two-story Greek Revival structure with a three-bay front and a front gable. Decorative features such as chamfered posts with small brackets, decorative window surrounds, a diamond-shaped window in the gable end and a two-story projecting side bay make this a Vernacular idiom of the style. A double-leaf door serves as the main entrance into the house.</p><br>
<p>The Lärcheck  is a 2,123 m mountain in the Kaisergebirge range of the Northern Limestone Alps in Austria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Lärcheck forms the mighty northeastern buttress of the Wilder Kaiser; its rock faces towering 1,200 m over the Kaiserbach valley. It belongs to the impressive backdrop of the Ostkaiser ("East Kaiser") and appears from all sides as a narrow rock pyramid. To the south it is joined to the high peaks of the Ackerlspitze and Maukspitze.</p><br>
<h2>Approaches</h2><br>
<p>The normal route to the Lärcheck is challenging and should not be underestimated. Only experienced mountaineers with good fitness, sure-footedness, a head for heights and climbing agility should risk the ascent.</p><br>
<p>The base in the Kaiserbach valley is the pine oil distillery (Latschenölbrennerei, 900 m) between the Fischbachalm and the Griesner Alm (car parks on the toll road from Griesenau). The signposted mountain path climbs steeply into the Kleine Griesner Tor, a rock-strewn cirque. From there it branches off, unsigned, to the left; the main path carries on to the Fritz Pflaum Hut. From here to the summit there are only occasional and very faded signs (as at 2009) and the danger of falling rocks is ever present. The route traces a way roughly through the middle of an extremely steep, unstable scree slope to about 1,850 metres on the rock face of the summit block. There the climbing path leads up out of the cirque and runs across steep terrain (Schrofen), bands of rock and steep gullies. At the most difficult spot a cable has been fixed to which climbers must attach themselves. Immediately thereafter, is a challenging, unsecured grade II climb. In front of a rocky ledge (view over to the Chiemsee) the route runs right (view of St. Johann) and then over the north arête to the summit cross. Three hours should be allowed for the whole climb, the descent on this route takes 2.5 hours.</p><br>
<p>The only base nearby is the Fritz Pflaum Hut, from which one can climb to the Kleine Griesner Tor and then reach the Lärcheck in 2 hours.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>St. John the Baptist Catholic Church is a historic Roman Catholic church in Beloit, Kansas, United States. The church is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Architect Joseph Marshall of Topeka, Kansas drew the church plan and design, closely based on the cruciform basilica in a mix of Romanesque and Gothic styles that occur often in Germany and the area of Alsace-Lorraine. The construction uses local Post Rock limestone with Indiana limestone trim at the belt course, doors, and windows. Three flying buttresses on each long wall provide stability to the nave walls and the stone arches above the nave. At the bases of each arch, an immense Vermont granite pillar connects the arch to the foundation and separates the nave from the side aisles. The symmetrical towers are positioned on either side of the nave, and provide separate entry to the side aisles. The sanctuary is a semicircle with a diameter that is the width of the nave, constructed of five pointed arches. The pointed-arch ceilings are built within the pointed roof, made entirely of stone taken from the original church building that the structure replaced.</p><br>
<p>Dimensions:</p><br>
<p>Exterior (facing south) 152 feet long by 74 feet wide, transept width is 98 feet</p><br>
<p>Nave (interior) 61 feet long by 66 feet wide, ceiling 40 feet high</p><br>
<p>Transept 34 feet deep by 87 feet wide, ceiling 40 feet high</p><br>
<p>Towers (exterior) 24 feet long by 36 feet wide, 100 feet high</p><br>
<p>Seating capacity 800</p><br>
<p>The majority of the quarry, delivery, and rock trimming was performed by local farmers under the guidance of the parish pastor, Monsignor Michael Heitz (born in Strasbourg, Alsace-Lorraine, France, date unknown; died 7 February 1941), who had learned to dress stone from professional stonemasons. Building the foundation and full-length crypt began late in 1900; the cornerstone was laid and blessed by Bishop John F. Cunningham (died 23 June 1919) on 4 June 1901. As work progressed around it, the old church was torn down in March 1901. Construction was completed in 1904.</p><br>
<p>St. Joseph&#39;s Catholic Church is a historic Roman Catholic church in Topeka, Kansas, United States. It was established to serve the needs of the growing population of Volga Germans, ethnic Germans from Russia.</p><br>
<p>The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Placesin 1971. It was deemed "an outstanding Kansas</p><br>
<p>example of a large 19th century brick church building."</p><br>
<p>It is a red brick church. Its NRHP nomination states: "Most impressive to one approaching the church are the two identical steeples towering over all the neighboring buildings and trees. These towers begin as squares and then are quite nicely transformed into octagons. This transformation is executed</p><br>
<p>very gracefully by first cutting off the square corners at the clock level; the next logical step is an octagon roof with equal sides."</p><br>
<p>The L&N Station is a former rail passenger station in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, located in the downtown area at the northern end of the Worlds Fair Park. Built in 1905 by the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, the station was renovated for use in the 1982 Worlds Fair, and is currently home to Knox Countys STEM-based magnet high school, the L&N STEM Academy. In 1982, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places for its architecture and role in Knoxvilles transportation history.</p><br>
<p>The L&N completed a rail line running from Cincinnati to Atlanta in the early 1900s, and built a string of passenger stations and depots to service trains along this line. The L&N Station is now home to the L&N STEM Academy, a magnet high school which focuses on science, technology, engineering, and math.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The L&N Station occupies the southwest corner of the intersection of Western Avenue, Broadway, Henley Street, and Summit Hill Drive, opposite Old City Hall. It straddles the east bank of Second Creek, and was designed to incorporate the banks downward slope. The building is L-shaped, with wings projecting west and south of the northeast corner tower (the wings face Western Avenue and Henley Street). Due to the grounds slope, the building&#39;s main floor is at ground level on the north and east sides, but rises a full story above the ground on the south and west sides. Tracks and train sheds originally extended from the rail yard up to the rear of the building.</p><br>
<p>The buildings most recognizable feature is its northeast corner tower, which rises three stories, and is topped by a pitched, clay-tiled roof with decorated dormers. A smaller tower rises at the end of the west wing, giving the building its chateau-like appearance. A wrap-around veranda allows access to the main floor on the south side of the building. The north side of the west wing originally included frosted glass doors and glazed transoms, which have been restored. Due to the construction of the Western Avenue Viaduct, the buildings ground level lies about 10 ft below Western Avenue, with a ramp providing vehicular access.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the main floor consisted of waiting rooms in the west wing, a dining room in the northeast corner tower, and a kitchen, lunch counter, and baggage areas in the south wing. The waiting rooms included a general waiting room, a ladies&#39; waiting room (with a private entrance and an entrance from the general waiting room) on the northwest corner, and a "colored" waiting room on the southwest corner. The colored waiting room, a relic of segregation, had a separate entrance. The second story consisted of L&N offices, and the third story in the northeast tower was used as a drafting room by L&N engineers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>While railroads had reached Knoxville by 1855, the L&N did not have direct access to the city until the early 1900s, due to its rivalry with the Southern Railway and its predecessors. The Southern controlled much of the rail traffic south of the Tennessee-Kentucky border, while the L&N controlled much of the traffic north of the border, and the two railroads continuously thwarted one anothers attempts to expand beyond this border. In an 1894 meeting, L&N president Milton Smith and Southern president Samuel Spencer agreed not to encroach upon each others market.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after the 1894 agreement, Spencer was named president of the Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway, essentially giving the Southern (of which Spencer remained president) access to the L&N&#39;s Kentucky and Ohio markets. Deeming the agreement void, the L&N made plans to build a direct line from Cincinnati to Atlanta by way of Knoxville. In 1902, the L&N purchased the Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern Railroad, which connected Knoxville to the Western and Atlantic at Marietta, Georgia, and began construction of a line from Jellico to Knoxville, which was completed in 1905.</p><br>
<p>The L&N planned an elegant Knoxville station to rival the Southern Terminal, which had been erected at the Southern railyard along Depot Street. The L&N completed a freight depot in 1904, and began construction of the passenger station that same year. The station was designed by the L&N Engineering Department, headed by Irish immigrant and Royal College of Science for Ireland graduate Richard Monfort, who was largely responsible for the station&#39;s Victorian and chateauesque elements. The station formally opened on April 10, 1905.</p><br>
<p>Author James Agee describes the L&N Station in several scenes in his book, A Death In the Family, which is set in Knoxville in 1915. In an early scene, while walking through Knoxville with his father, they pass the station, and Agee noted how its stained glass "smouldered like an exhausted butterfly." In another scene, while crossing the Asylum (Western) Avenue Viaduct, he wrote, "the L&N yards lay on his left, feint skeins of steel, blocked shadows, little spumes of steam." In a later scene, Agee describes the crowded L&N waiting room, in which his family waited to catch a train to the Great Smoky Mountains.</p><br>
<h3>Post-L&N development</h3><br>
<p>The L&N gradually phased out passenger service after World War II, with the last passenger train, the Flamingo, leaving the L&N Station in 1968. The L&N vacated the station in 1975, after which it remained vacant until purchased by Alex Harkness and his partners in 1980. In 1982, the station was renovated for use in the 1982 Worlds Fair, as it was adjacent to the Worlds Fair Park, which was then under development. Two restaurants, a Ruby Tuesday restaurant and the first L&N Seafood Grill, were housed in lower floors of the building, while the second floor offices were converted into meeting rooms for the fair&#39;s VIPs.</p><br>
<p>In 1985, the building was further renovated by Alex Harkness and Station 82 Partners for use as office space and special events. From 2002 to 2004, a restaurant, Ye Olde Steakhouse, operated out of the station while it repaired damage from a fire at its location on Chapman Highway.</p><br>
<h3>L&N STEM Academy</h3><br>
<p>In October 2010, Knox County Schools announced plans to establish a magnet high school for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), to be located in the L&N Station building.</p><br>
<p>In January 2011, Becky Ashe was appointed principal of the school and also the coordinator of STEM education for Knox County Schools. At the same time, the L&N station was officially chosen as the site for the school.</p><br>
<p>The new school officially opened on August 15, 2011 with an enrollment of 180 students. The school began with just a freshman class, a sophomore class, 8 full-time teachers, and 4 part-time teachers. It cost $5.6 million to open the school with the money being used for renovations of the building, upgrades, and technology equipment. Students were still required to meet the academic standards presented by Knox County Schools but the material was delivered through the use of iPads, block scheduling, and cross planning through departments. Students were also required to take a STEM class, which is a project based learning course. The school partners with over 215 business and organizations.</p><br>
<p>The community was asked to help give the school its permanent name. The community gave suggestions to the school board who finalized the name. Over 95 suggestions were given by the community. In October 2011, the students and faculty of the school selected a gryphon to be the school mascot. Gryphons can be seen in the stained glass windows at the school.</p><br>
<p>The L&N STEM Academy partnered with the YMCA for the physical education program at the school. The students are able to work out at the YMCA&#39;s downtown Knoxville location during their PE class. The students walk over to the YMCA, do a homework assignment, and then are able to work out at the YMCA facilities during the remainder of time for class.</p><br>
<p>In December 2011, Tennessee governor Bill Haslam visited the school and talked with six students and two teachers. The Haslam family provided many contributions to the school and a space, the Haslam Commons, in the school was named after the family.</p><br>
<p>At the end of its first year of operation, the school ranked first and second in state tests for Algebra 1 and 2 and English 1 and 2. In the second year of operation, 187 students were added to the rosters: 150 freshmen, twenty sophomores, and six juniors. Eight teachers were added to the staff to bring the total to 20 teachers. Six students returned to their zoned high school.</p><br>
<p>In late 2012, the L&N STEM Academy began to allow students from eight surrounding counties to apply to attend the school. Thirty students were admitted to the school from the eight counties of Anderson, Blount, Grainger, Jefferson, Loudon, Roane, Sevier and Union for the 2013-2014 school year. The only restriction to the students who apply from out of county are that they have to be incoming freshmen and be interested in problem solving and critical thinking.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, the school was recognized as an Apple Distinguished school for the 2012-2013 school year. It was given the award for the school’s “successes in enhancing and extending teaching and learning with the implementation of technology.” For AP test scores, students scored in the top percentile for scoring threes or above. The school is also at the top of Knox County Schools in proficient and advanced scores in English classes 1, 2, and 3.</p><br>
<p>In September 2013, former L&N STEM Academy student Jessica Rainwater alleged that the school helped her cheat to allow her to gain credit for a course she was taking. She alleges that “she was given her three prior tests to use while taking a history ‘End of Course’ test a fourth time.” Knox County School officials say that she did not cheat because that was standard procedure at the time she was taking the class. It was a county created test, not a state end of course exam, and it did not count towards her final grade.</p><br>
<p>A group of students won a national contest presented by the National Center for Earth and Space Science Education that allowed them to send a science experiment into space. They had to design a project that was related to microgravity and used multi-chambered tubes. The students wanted to find “an economically friendly way of trying to get rid of bodily wastes in space rather than bringing them back home.” The experiment was used to see how cornstarch reacts with RID-X. The students spent 60 hours working on the experiment. The experiment was scheduled to launch on October 21, 2014 in Wallops Island, Virginia. Due to a boat being within 20 miles of the launch site on October 21, the launch was postponed until the next day. The rocket exploded 15 seconds after takeoff. The experiment was relaunched on a second rocket on December 9, 2014 from Cape Canaveral. NanoRacks was able to find the necessary $21,500 to rebuild the experiment for the second takeoff.</p><br>
<p>In May 2014, the school graduated its first class. Forty-two students were the total number of the first graduating class for the school.</p><br>
<p>In August 2014, The L&N STEM Academy was placed on the Reward schools list for Tennessee by the state Department of Education. The L&N was placed in the top 5% and recognized for its performance.</p><br>
<p>In May 2015, the first class, made up of just over 100 students, to attend the school all four years of its existence graduated. The class was awarded $3.1 million in scholarship money in total and which averaged to around $31,000 per student.</p><br>
<p>In August 2015, a University of Tennessee at Knoxville student broke into the school and fell from a third floor window, about 40 ft from the ground. He had non-life-threatening injuries and was believed to be drunk at the time.</p><br>
<p>The Karlspitzen is a twin-peaked mountain in the middle of the Kaisergebirge range of the Northern Limestone Alps in Austria. The two peaks are the northern Hinteren Karlspitze  and the southern Vorderen Karlspitze  with its summit cross; they are linked by a sharp, exposed, rocky arête. Seen from the south the Vordere Karlspitze is a huge and very prominent block of rock, whereas the Hintere Karlspitze is hidden behind other  neighbouring mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Karlspitzen peaks tower over the Ellmauer Tor saddle and Steinerne Rinne couloir to their east and so lie in the heart of the Wilder Kaiser mountains. To the east rise the rather lower summits of the Goinger Halt and Predigtstuhl, immediately to the north are the Fleischbank and Totenkirchl and, further west, separated by the Kopftörl arête, is the higher Ellmauer Halt. Thanks to its location the Karlspitzen have extensive views over both the Wilder Kaiser and also the neighbouring mountain ranges.</p><br>
<h2>Routes</h2><br>
<p>The Karlspitzen are among the more difficult and hence less-frequented summits in the Kaiser. No signposted or secured route runs up to the double peak; all the more reason why Alpine experience, a sense of direction, safe climbing ability and a head for heights are necessary. The normal way starts at the Ellmauer Tor and is only marked by a pair of cairns. Cairns should not be relied on in any case, many are misleading. However, traces of the trail are generally easy to recognise. They lead through a rocky and generally steep Schrofen which involves light climbing of up to grade II difficulty. It takes an hour to reach the Karlspitzen arête where the route branches to the Hinterer and Vorderer Karlspitze.</p><br>
<p>The Bar Building is a historic commercial building designed by architect Benjamin Levitan and located at White Plains, Westchester County, New York.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1926 and is a ten-story, 125-foot-tall building. Above the tenth floor is a two-story, recessed penthouse. The penthouse floors are enclosed with a crenellated parapet which originally housed the short lived "City Club" as well as the structures water-tank. It is a steel-frame building clad in face brick and cement with Neo-Gothic and Art Deco terra cotta ornamentation. Its crenellated tower originally had glazed windows encircling its three sides. These were later bricked in. When completed, The Bar Building was the tallest structure between New York City and Albany, NY. Since 1990, the buildings penthouse has been the location of J.J. Sedelmaier Productions, Inc., an animation and design studio. When the building was threatened with demolition through eminent domain in the early 2000&#39;s, Sedelmaier himself was instrumental in working with the White Plains Historical Society and NY State in insuring the preservation and listing of the structure on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 17, 2007.</p><br>
<p>The former Croton North railroad station is located on Senasqua Road in Croton-on-Hudson, New York, United States. It was built by the New York Central Railroad in the late 19th century. In 1987 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It had long been out of active service, and was converted to office use three years before the listing. Despite the conversion it remains largely intact, and is considered an excellent example of a commuter railroad station from this era, when stations began to reflect the industrial role of the railroads. Included in the listing are two 1930s Pullman electric passenger coaches parked on a disconnected spur north of the station.</p><br>
<h2>Building and grounds</h2><br>
<p>The property included in the listing is a narrow 2 acre parcel along railroad tracks currently owned by the Metro-North commuter railroad and also used by Amtrak and CSX Transportation for intercity passenger rail and freight respectively. Two disused sidings lead to the station building from the main Hudson Line tracks, the south end of a working rail yard used primarily by CSX, approximately one mile (1.6 km) northwest of Metro-North&#39;s Croton–Harmon station and its Harmon Yard maintenance facility.</p><br>
<p>Automotive access is from Senasqua Road, a short service road along the west side of the USA Route 9 Croton Expressway. It rejoins US 9 southbound at its southern end and provides access to the rest of Croton-on-Hudson via an overpass to New York State Route 9A at the interchange at its northern end. The station is the only building along Senasqua Road. There is a small unpaved lot, the end of a short driveway to the rail yard, to the east and south of the station. A row of mature trees along the road. Across the tracks, to the southwest, is Elliott Way and the parking area for Croton Landing Park on the Hudson River.</p><br>
<p>The station building itself is a one-story rectangular building topped by an asphalt-shingled hipped roof. Brownish brick faces its load-bearing clay tile walls. At the top ithe roof is pierced by a brick chimney; three skylights are on the west slope. Its wide overhanging eaves are supported by large wooden brackets. A canopy extends out over the former platform, now filled with gravel and serving as a patio, a short distance on the south, and farther along the north.</p><br>
<p>At the north end the wall curves into a five-facet section with full windows. A hip-roofed porte-cochère, now enclosed with concrete blocks painted with stucco, extends from the center of the east section. Fenestration is irregular; doors and windows have terra cotta surrounds.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance is located at the southweast junction of the porte-cochère and the rest of the building. Inside the rooms have been renovated for their current use as office space. Much of their original layout and some finishes remain. The porte-cochère has been divided into two rooms, one faced in glass block. The former waiting room retains its high ceilings.</p><br>
<p>On a disconnected stretch of track just north of the station are two Pullman-Electric passenger cars. Inside they have their original furnishings, with upholstered seats, overhead luggage racks and cab compartments. They were built in the 1930s and have the livery of the Erie Railroad, which operated them on tracks in New Jersey. They were never used on the line in New York that served the station. Since they are in an appropriate historical setting, they are considered contributing objects to the National Register listing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original stations built by the Hudson River Railroad in the mid-19th century were cottage-like Picturesque wooden board-and-batten structures, in keeping with a popular regional style. None of these are extant. As the railroad became part of the New York Central and linked to the expanding national railway network, traffic increased and the original stations were no longer adequate.</p><br>
<p>Starting around 1860, the Central built new stations reflecting the railroads&#39; wider economic role. These showed the influence of industrialization, and were often rectangular structures of brick. Four of them remain today.</p><br>
<p>A third wave of stations came along later in the century and continued into the early decades of the next. These buildings reflected the emergence of the automobile and the consequent growth of the highway network. In response to these needs, railroads began developing more architecturally sophisticated stations, primarily by contracting with architectural firms such as Warren and Wetmore, who designed Grand Central Terminal for the Central. These stations show a great deal of variation, and no two are exactly alike. Their commons design features such as the overhanging roof and linear form are still recognized as typical of rail stations today</p><br>
<p>While Warren and Wetmore designed other Central stations outside of New York City such as Mount Vernon and Hyde Park, the small Croton North station was a product of the railroads own engineering department. It has many of the standard features of the eras stations, such as the hip roof with broad eaves to shelter waiting passengers and linear form, but reflects some other contemporary architectural trends as well.</p><br>
<p>The faceted north end, breaking up the otherwise absolute rectilinearity of the building, is a mark of the Queen Anne Style then popular with homebuilders. The connection is further evidenced by the asymmetrical roof and irregular fenestration. Lastly the choice of materials, with quoined terra cotta surrounds in the brick and large but carefully crafted wooden brackets supporting the roof, is another sign of the Queen Anne style.</p><br>
<p>These features also serve to enhance the building&#39;s functionality. The location within of specific interior functions such as the waiting room and ticket office is evident from the outside. The porte-cochère and canopy completely shelter the traveler in his or her transition from street vehicle to train.</p><br>
<p>Initially the station complex included an iron bridge that crossed not only the tracks, but also what is now the expressway. This bridge deteriorated to the point that it was removed at some point after the station was listed on the Register. The Central stopped service to the station in the 1960s. It was vacant and neglected until its conversion for office use in 1984, a project that did not significantly alter the station beyond enclosing the porte-cochère. Two years later, in 1986, a small section of new track was laid north of the station to accommodate the Pullman cars. There have been no alterations since. and architect.</p><br>
<p>The former Brandreth Pill Factory is a historic industrial complex located on Water Street in Ossining, New York, United States. It consists of several brick buildings from the 19th century, in a variety of contemporary architectural styles. In 1980 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Most of the original buildings succumbed to fire in the 1870s, but the oldest, a Greek Revival building possibly designed by Calvin Pollard in the 1830s, remains. Nearby is a corrugated iron structure that may be the earliest use of that material in Westchester County.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Brandreth made his familys popular medicine, said to treat blood impurities, at the factory, starting in the 1830s. The factorys construction was the beginning of the industrial development of the Ossining waterfront. It continued to be used for manufacturing until the 1940s. Some of the smaller buildings remain in use today, although the former main building is vacant.</p><br>
<p>The village had been considering a proposal to convert the main factory building to green housing. After a proposal to do so failed to gain approval, due in part to flooding concerns in the wake of Hurricane Sandy in 2012, the owners demolished part of the building in 2015. The village claimed it was illegal as the permit had expired; the owners claimed otherwise.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings and grounds</h2><br>
<p>The 5.6 acre site stretches along the north end of Water Street on Ossinings waterfront, close to the Hudson River and the railroad tracks of Metro-Norths Hudson Line and Amtrak&#39;s Empire Service. With the exception of a modern warehouse facility at the end of the street, north of the old main building, they are the only buildings in the area, some still used for industrial or commercial purposes. The land is level due to the proximity of the river; Water Street generally follows the lower edge of a steep wooded bluff to the north end of the site, where a stream flows into the Hudson and opens a wide gorge.</p><br>
<p>Just past the fork to Solitude Lane, about 400 ft north of the intersection with Snowden Avenue and Westerly Road, are the first set of buildings. Between the street and the tracks is a gable-roofed one-story brick storage building with segmental-arched windows. East of the street is a group of small buildings that constituted the factory in its earliest days—Brandreth&#39;s office (now demolished), a mixing and packing building, a box-making building and the storage facility that is the oldest building of the group.</p><br>
<p>Set back a short distance are two single-story buildings. The northerly of the pair is a Carpenter Gothic-styled one-story structure with a gabled roof, board-and-batten siding and lancet arched windows in the gables. It was used to dry pills and make boxes, and as office space. It has been modified greatly since its construction. The southerly is a flat-roofed brick building used for pill manufacture.</p><br>
<p>To their east, at the edge of the woods, is the oldest building in the factory complex. It is a two-story three-by-three-bay flat-roofed structure. Doric pilasters at each corner, along with three at evenly spaced intervals along between windows along the north and south facades, support a blank entablature below the roof. Their granite bases and capitals complement the granite sills and lintels on the windows. A modern concrete block addition is attached to the south. Inside, it retains much of its original furnishing.</p><br>
<p>Another 150 ft to the north, also between the road and the tracks, is a corrugated iron storage facility built on the original factory site. Its framing, visible on the exterior, consists of timber wrapped in iron. In both roof gables are simple classically inspired designs, also of iron-wrapped wood.</p><br>
<p>Further along Water, another 300 ft, on the east, is the joined complex of three buildings that included the three-story main building. It was an L-shaped three-story brick structure with a slate-covered mansard roof pierced by four brick chimneys. The tallest, near the south end of the L, rises two additional stories above the roof. Windows and doors had brick hood lintels; above the cast iron cornice supported by pendanted brackets were hooded dormer windows in the roof. Inside there was exposed original brick, segmental-arched entryways, walnut and cast iron roof columns and exposed roof framing.</p><br>
<p>The main building had two additions: a one-story machine shop on the north side of the western corner, and a large two-story section with a corrugated iron gabled roof and segmental-arched windows without lintels extending east from the north end. The cleared sites of other additions, as well as several buildings in the bend of the L to the east, are still extant.</p><br>
<p>To the west of the building, at the street, is a small brick office building with a granite water table. It is one and a half stories high, three bays by four, with a gabled roof supported by large wooden pendanted brackets. Its decoration also includes a course of painted brickwork crosses setting off an entablature above in the gable fields with some other isolated brickwork crosses. Fenestration consists of rectangular windows with granite sills and lintels along the north and south profiles, with an oculus in the gable apex. Stone steps lead to the paneled wooden and glass doors, sheltered by a curved canopy supported by large brackets at the sides. Inside the remaining original features include intricately molded woodwork and ceiling medallions, door hardware and a vault with a stone floor and brick walls.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>While the factory did not start out as Brandreths, it became associated with him by the mid-19th century and remained so through the main buildings partial demolition in the early 21st century.</p><br>
<h3>1835–1939: Brandreth years</h3><br>
<p>A native of the English city of Leeds who was raised in Liverpool, Benjamin Brandreth took over the patent medicine business started by his grandfather in the 1820s. He pioneered the use of advertising with testimonials to the effectiveness of the pills&#39; treatment of the blood impurities thought to create disease at the time, and developed a growing presence in the English and American markets. In 1835 he moved to New York with his family.</p><br>
<p>His success continued, and the following year he moved to Ossining, then known as Sing Sing, to acquire all the land the remaining buildings sit on, and build a factory. By 1837 he was working from two buildings, one of which is the Greek Revival building that still stands in the cluster of buildings east of the street at the south end of the site. It may have been designed by Calvin Pollard, who built two houses in Ossining for Brandreth (neither extant) during this period as well as St. Paul&#39;s Episcopal Church downtown. An early engraving, used in his ads, depicts the building as having three stories and a cupola. It was right on the shore of the Hudson.</p><br>
<p>Brandreth may have found Sing Sing not only a beautiful place to do business but a strategic one as well. Agricultural produce shipped down to its active river port could be used as the vegetable base of the pills, and those pills could then be shipped down to New York City. At the time, there were also mining and quarrying operations, particularly at the new Sing Sing Prison, on the riverside, but Brandreth&#39;s manufacture of finished goods at his facility made his the first true industrial facility on the Ossining waterfront.</p><br>
<p>After an 1838 trip down the Mississippi River to sell pills, the business grew even more. Brandreth became a naturalized USA citizen in 1840, and became active in the politics of the growing village. He served as its president for three years, and later was elected to two separate terms in the State Senate. In 1848, he purchased an interest in fellow English American Thomas Allcocks Porous Plasters and began developing a facility to manufacture them on an old mill site further up the river. The Hudson River Railroad was being built through Sing Sing that year, further extending the companys reach and filling in the riverfront to provide a stable, straight surface for tracks. The latter opened more land for future building in the process.</p><br>
<p>The factorys expansion served it well for the next two decades. It continued to produce 1.2 million boxes of pills annually, each of which retailed for 25 cents ($ in modern dollars). The pills were well-known enough that Herman Melville mentioned them in Moby-Dick and Edgar Allan Poe devoted part of his story "Some Words with a Mummy" to a fanciful discussion of what their ingredients might be. P.T. Barnum gave Brandreth sardonic recognition in his book Humbugs of the World for his promotional skills. Back in Ossining, Brandreth helped establish two banks, and was on the founding board of Dale Cemetery, still the communitys largest. If the company had wanted to expand during this period, the economic pressures of the Civil War prevented it from doing so.</p><br>
<p>Seven years after the end of the war, in 1872, a fire destroyed many of the buildings, including Brandreth&#39;s first manufacturing facility. The rebuilding put up most of the surviving buildings, as well as the more modern facility on an old mill site at the north end of the property: the current main building. Brandreth wanted to incorporate the newest technology into his new buildings, and so the storage facility midway between the two complexes was one of the first in Westchester to use corrugated iron while the main building had some of the first Otis elevators.</p><br>
<p>One morning in early 1880, Brandreth collapsed and died shortly after leaving his office. His son Franklin took over management. During the later years of the 19th century and the early 20th, the factory began to diversify its operations in response to increasing federal regulation of the patent-medicine industry. Among the new products were ammunition-box liners for the military during World War I.</p><br>
<p>Franklin Brandreth stepped down in 1928 and was replaced by his grandson Fox Brandreth Connor. By then the domestic market for the pills it had once manufactured in abundance was gone. Of the factory&#39;s earlier products, only porous plaster remained, and that was only made in winter. The company was making nail polish, mannequins, cell forms for bulletproof fuel tanks and the Havahart line of non-lethal animal traps.</p><br>
<h3>1940–2015: Use, disuse and demolition</h3><br>
<p>In 1940 the company sold the buildings at the southern end of the property to the Gallowhur corporation, which used them to make insect repellent and suntan lotion. The rights to the pill formula were also sold off after World War II. Brandreth&#39;s company, under the Allcock name, continued its manufacturing operations in the 1870s complex until 1979. They were later used by the Filex Corporation, a maker of steel office furniture.</p><br>
<p>Eventually they became vacant again. In the 2000s a local developer, Plateau Associates, proposed the Hidden Cove on the Hudson project for the main building area. A total of 132 new housing units, planned as condominiums of a mix of prices,</p><br>
<p>Plans apparently stalled after Plateau submitted its draft environmental impact statement (EIS) in 2008. At that time it also secured a demolition permit, but did not use it as other options were explored. In 2011 it prepared to submit a final EIS, with Hidden Cove now, in the wake of the Great Recession, changed to luxury rental units.</p><br>
<p>However, in 2007, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) had issued updated flood plain maps for the Hudson River. They showed that the property would be under two feet (2 ft) of water in a hundred-year storm. By late 2012 that probability had been demonstrated by flooding after three tropical storms—Irene, Lee and Sandy—had struck the region. The last of those storms had, in fact, flooded the factory area up to four feet (4 ft). In the wake of Sandy, FEMA issued new maps.</p><br>
<p>Before Sandy, the already-deteriorated buildings ground floor would have to be raised at least two feet, making it impossible to put any residential units on it. Afterwards, that would likely have been increased to six feet (6 ft) "We were thinking about adaptive reuse of the mill," said Peter Stolatis of Plateau. "The new floodplain plan puts an end to that." Plans to demolish the building were accelerated by village officials insistence that the project be limited to just one building rather than several, he added.</p><br>
<p>Shortly afterward, the villages Historic Preservation Commission gave the building local landmark status. This meant that the building could not be demolished without its official permission. But in April 2015 Plateau Associates, the owner, began demolishing the building. While the company had been issued a demolition permit in 2008, Village manager Christine Papes said it had expired, and Plateau had not cleared its action with the villages Historic Preservation Commission, either. Plateaus lawyer claimed it had met all the villages requirements and not heard back from the village, so it proceeded with the demolition.</p><br>
<p>Sarles&#39; Tavern, also known as Granite House, was a historic inn and tavern building located at Millwood, Westchester County, New York. It was built between 1814 and 1817 and was constructed of locally quarried granite. It was a two story, rectangular building with a low pitched gable roof in a restrained Greek Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The property was sold in 1817 by David Crasto to William Sarles, who renamed the property Sarles Tavern. Sarles operated the property as a stagecoach stop for the route from White Plains to Somers until his death in 1853. After Sarles death the building was run as a tavern by his sons until it was sold to the Merritt family, which ran it as an inn until the early 1900s. The propertys name was then changed to Merritts Corners.</p><br>
<p>The building was demolished in 1993 after the interior was consumed by fire; The building was unusable.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Jug Tavern, also known as the Davids–Garrison House or the Grapevine Inn, is located at the junction of Revolutionary Road and Rockledge Avenue in Sparta section of Ossining, New York, United States. It is a wood frame building, the oldest elements of which date to the mid-18th century, before the American Revolution, making it possibly the oldest structure in the village. It has, however, been expanded and modified since then, and was almost completely rebuilt in the late 19th century. In 1976 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Originally it was located along the Albany Post Road, the central building in the small hamlet of Sparta, a name still used for the neighborhood later absorbed into the village of Ossining and retaining many other intact historic buildings. Much of the house&#39;s history is unclear, including whether it was ever even a tavern. Some local legends hold that Revolutionary War figures such as George Washington and John André visited. The name "Jug Tavern" was not even known to have been used for the property until the mid-20th century. A local organization dedicated to preserving the building currently owns the property.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The tavern is located on the northwest corner of the intersection, 600 ft west of Albany Post Road (USA Route 9) and 1,000 ft east of the Hudson River. On the east are large modern commercial buildings and parking lots; to the west are the other residential buildings of Sparta, amid mature trees. Sparta Brook, a small tributary of the Hudson that takes its name from the settlement, is just to the east. The land slopes up slightly toward the north and northwest as a result.</p><br>
<p>The six-by-two-bay building is built into that rise, with its stone foundation exposed on the east to give it the appearance of two and a half stories. The basement&#39;s east face, like the upper stories, is sided in clapboard. It is topped with a side-gabled, shingled roof from which one brick chimney rises. On the northwest corner of the second story is an addition that gives the north facade an extra bay.</p><br>
<p>Along the full length of the second story is a balustrade veranda that serves as a porch for the ground floor. It is supported by five square wooden pillars that rise to the overhanging eaves. Both stories have full fenestration with two-over-two double-hung sash windows and two entrances flanking the center, with those on the second story closer together and having no intervening window. Similar windows are on the other three elevations and in the gable fields. Additional entrances are located at the south basement and the north addition.</p><br>
<p>Inside all the finishes are modern. Most date to the late 19th century at the earliest. The only remnant of the original building is in the structural system, where later renovations replaced some, but not most, of the original mortise and tenon framing with balloon framing more common at the time the renovations were likely done.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Early 18th-century records suggest that the land where the tavern now stands, then owned by the Philipse family, was leased by a Charles Davids (or Davis, in some documents), a tenant farmer. The Albany Post Road was built through the area in 1723, and by 1744 a bridge crossed the brook. The area was a natural crossroads, and Davids built a farmhouse from which at least the foundation and framing survive between 1758 and 1760.</p><br>
<p>Incomplete later records suggest that his sons inherited various portions of the leasehold, though it is not known which. By the 1780s, the latest period suggested for the houses construction, a road ran down to the river from the site and the future hamlet of Sparta was coming into being. In 1784 the Philipse land was confiscated by the state as a consequence of Frederick Philipses support for the British during the recent Revolutionary War. The following year it was offered for sale, and Peter Davids bought the 200 acre</p><br>
<p>Four years later, Davids took out a mortgage covering 70 of those acres (70 acre) to cover debts he had owed a New York City man since 1772. In 1794 he defaulted, and signed it over to James Drowley, who laid out a plan for Sparta but died in 1795. A survey map from that year of the plan is the first known to show a building at the current site.</p><br>
<p>By 1814 the house had become the property of Nathaniel and Annis Garrison. That year they transferred it to a Samuel and Tallman Garrison, possibly Nathaniels brothers. In turn, Tallman Garrisons 1817 will bequeathed his half of the property to his brother William. Nathaniel and Annis apparently continued living there. Sparta changed soon after when the Post Road was rerouted away from the house to the current alignment of Route 9. This benefited Sing Sing (as Ossining was then known) to the north as a local port for river shipping, since its Main Street was still a convenient route to its docks, which also charged a lower fee. Sparta began to decline as a commercial center, to the point that when then Hudson River Railroad was built two decades later, no station was built to serve it.</p><br>
<p>Nathaniel Garrison died in 1843. His wife at some point regained the property, since records show that she paid the property taxes on it during the 1860s, possibly with proceeds from a very small shop local lore says she ran in the house and boarders they took in. At some time during the Garrisons ownership of the house, its size was doubled and the veranda added. Sparta further changed two years after Nathaniel Garrisons death, when, in 1845, it became part of the Town of Ossining, newly created from the Town of Mount Pleasant.</p><br>
<p>The likelihood that Nathaniel and Annis Garrison regained ownership sometime during the early 19th century also finds support in their grandsons&#39; sale of the house to Michael Geisler in 1882. He spent much of the next year rebuilding it almost as it was. A contemporary painting, presumed to show the house as it was before this work, depicts it almost as it is now save for having two chimneys and showing signs of neglect, with gaps in its eaves showing its rafters.</p><br>
<p>This might have led Geisler to restore the house, but that is not known for sure. It is also possible that it was damaged by fire, as a contemporary newspaper account reports that Geislers home in Sparta was burned. It is not clear whether the article is referring to the tavern itself though since Geisler owned more than one property in the hamlet, and an account of the taverns demolition in the same newspaper a week later makes no mention of a fire. It also reports that much of the original timber framing was in good condition, so it may likely have been reused either in the rebuilt house or the new house Geisler was building nearby.</p><br>
<p>In 1901 the village of Sing Sing formally changed its name to Ossining, in order to distinguish itself from Sing Sing Prison. Five years later, Sparta itself voted to be annexed by the prosperous village, which they had increasingly come to feel part of. It was an increasingly declining part, with high crime and deteriorating buildings. That ended in 1919 when Frank A. Vanderlip, president of National City Bank, and his wife, residents of Scarborough to the south, began redeveloping the hamlet. They bought many of the old houses and restored them into middle-class housing.</p><br>
<p>The Jug Tavern, already renovated by the Geislers, was not among Vanderlips restorations. However, it may have figured in Vanderlips efforts, as many of the houses were being renovated in the Colonial Revival mode, and it was the only building in Sparta that actually dated to that period. The Vanderlip efforts, which continued past his death until the last restored house was sold in the 1970s, led to much local newspaper coverage and an interest in the history of the area. It is during that period that much of the lore about the Tavern—that various Revolutionary figures such as George Washington or John André had stopped in for a drink, or that British prisoners of war were held in the cellar—may have surfaced and become accepted as, or confused with, fact.</p><br>
<p>Geisler&#39;s descendants owned and lived in the house until 1974, when it was sold to the town. The village designated Sparta a local historic district the following year. Restoration efforts began, and it was listed on the Register in 1976. In 1986, the property was turned over to its present owner, Jug Tavern of Sparta Inc., a non-profit organization that preserves it. Restoration was completed in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Name and use</h2><br>
<p>There is uncertainty over whether the house was ever used as a tavern, and if it was, whether it was called the Jug Tavern. No clear record of a liquor license being granted to the property exists. In 1795, a man named William Hall was granted a license to operate a tavern in Sparta, the first record of that name being used for the community, but the tavern&#39;s location is not specified. Some local lore holds that liquor was served illegally, without charge, to those who could be trusted to keep that knowledge to themselves, and hence no license would have been sought, much less recorded.</p><br>
<p>That belief also holds that liquor sales were illegal when made by the jug rather than the glass, hence the name. "Jug Tavern" does not appear in any document related to the building until 1947, and reportedly the Geisler descendants who lived there as it began to catch on were offended by it. Almost 30 years later, Frank Vanderlip&#39;s son told the authors of a walking tour guidebook that he had never heard the name in his lifetime of developing the area. To him it had always been known as the "Grapevine Inn", due to the decorations around the front door. An 1895 photograph appears to show them.</p><br>
<p>The former Washington School is located on Croton Avenue  in the village of Ossining, New York, United States. It was built in 1907 in the Beaux-Arts style, one of two in the village to use it. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>It was built as a high school, in response to the village&#39;s rapid growth following industrialization in the early 20th century, from a design by Wilson Potter of New York City, an architect who specialized in schools. It includes what were at the time some of the most progressive and advanced features of school buildings. Its early (for a school) use of the Beaux-Arts style and placement on a rise in the land give it a monumental quality despite its relatively small size.</p><br>
<p>It is no longer used as a school, and has been turned over to the village for reuse. For a time it housed a museum established by the local historical society. In 1973 it was closed by the school district as part of desegregation efforts. Since a 2009 renovation it has been home to the House of Refuge Apostolic Faith Church. It remains largely as it was originally built, with few alterations.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The school building is located on a one-acre (4,000 m) lot the north side of Croton, a quarter-mile (500 m) northeast of where it forks off from Highland Avenue (USA Route 9) in downtown Ossining. It is just west of Todd Place, and the intersection where Dale Avenue (New York State Route 134) forks off to the northeast. Across the street are some commercial buildings and a parking lot; to the south there is a high-rise apartment complex. The neighborhood is otherwise residential, composed of two-story wooden frame houses built later in the 20th century. The land under the school rises slightly, reflecting the gorge of Sing Sing Kill, a tributary of the Hudson River, just to its northwest.</p><br>
<p>A circular walkway connects the building to Croton Avenue. There is a flagpole in the center. Both are considered contributing resources to the National Register listing.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The building itself is a T-shaped two-story load-bearing brick structure on a raised basement topped by a partly hipped roof pierced by three brick ventilation stacks and one brick chimney, all near the corners. Its facades are trimmed with terra cotta. The middle of the east (front) face projects slightly. A one-story auditorium wing projects from the west.</p><br>
<p>The basement&#39;s brick is laid in rusticated bands. In the middle is the recessed main entrance, with double wooden doors in a classically detailed segmental-arched surround and narrow one-over-one double-hung sash windows on either side. It has four bays set with double three-over-three double-hung sash elsewhere on the facade.</p><br>
<p>On the second and third stories of the projecting middle section, the three bays are set with triple three-over-three double-hung sash. Paired pilasters running up both stories separate them vertically; between the two stories are recessed terra-cotta spandrels inscribed with "SCIENCE", "LANGUAGE" and "HISTORY." At the top is a wide frieze, then a wider terra cotta entablature with "WASHINGTON SCHOOL" inscribed in a central tablet. Outside the central section, the only decoration is rectangular molded brick tablets on the third story.</p><br>
<p>The two side facades have a largely similar treatment. The rustication and entablature along the basement are continued. Their entrances have a similar surround, but are topped with a recessed two-story segmental arch with windows that light the staircase behind them. On either side are three two-over-two double-hung sash at the basement level and groups of five two-over-two double-hung sash on the second and third stories.</p><br>
<p>The four-by-four-bay auditorium wing also sits on a raised basement. It lacks terra cotta but is otherwise similar in materials and decorative treatment to the main block. The auditorium section has large tripartite windows with transoms, giving way to six-over-six double-hung sash backstage. In one window bay on each side are exit doors, with steel platforms and stairs. Below, on the basement, are paired two-over-two double-hung sash. The wing has a flat roof.</p><br>
<p>A cornice, modillioned above the central main facade, marks the roofline. Above it is a parapet wall. The roof is surfaced in slate sections broken by banks of skylights. In the center it is flat, with a larger skylight superstructure.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>At all the main entrances a vestibule leads to steps up to the second story. The building&#39;s interior floor plan, with 34,000 ft&sup2; of space, remains unaltered. Two central corridors on either side cross the building, with the east-west one providing access to the stairs at either end.</p><br>
<p>The boiler room is located at the western corner of the basement. The second story has a library and office suite in the southeast corner and large classrooms in the others. The auditorium begins within the main block and extends into the west wing. Above it the third story has smaller classrooms. The skylights on the attic level illuminate laboratory rooms. In the center is an open rectangular room with a coffered skylight.</p><br>
<p>Many of the original finishes remain. The corridors are floored in hardwood, although they have been replaced by plywood and carpeting in the classrooms. The plaster walls and ceilings, ceramic-tile wainscoting and woodworking are all original. Some modern features, like fluorescent lights and wireglass doors to the stairwells, have been added. The auditorium has its original fold-down wooden chairs and ceiling skylight with a stained glass emblem in the center depicting a ship with sails and the legend "Embark on a voyage of knowledge."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally known as Sing Sing, Ossining first prospered in the 18th and early 19th centuries as one of many farm communities shipping produce to New York City via sloops on the Hudson River, benefiting from the villages location at a crossroads with a turnpike connecting it to farms further inland, corresponding to the current intersection of Croton and Highland avenues. The construction of one of New Yorks first prisons near the port in the 1820s spurred some additional development, and when the Hudson River Railroad was built in the middle of the century industrialization soon followed. By the beginning of the 20th century, when Ossining changed to its current name to distance itself from the prison, its population had multiplied considerably from a century before.</p><br>
<p>The village&#39;s older system of small wooden schoolhouses was no longer adequate to educate its children to the level society desired, and Washington was commissioned as its first modern school. Architect Wilson Potter, of New York City, specialized in school buildings. He included a number of modern features that had already become standard on other institutional buildings of the era, such as large windows to let in natural light, partially enclosed steel stairways to provide better fire safety, and central heating.</p><br>
<p>Potter used the Beaux-Arts style that had become popular over the preceding decades, particularly for public buildings. Only one other building in the village, the Bank for Savings, a contributing property to the Downtown Ossining Historic District built the year after the school, would use it. The school is a particular strong example of the style, with its axial symmetry, advancing and retreating wall planes and classical detailing. Despite the building&#39;s relatively small size, it achieves the monumental presence characteristic of Beaux-Arts buildings through an exaggerated sense of its height conveyed the combination of its siting on a low rise and its hipped roof and chimneys.</p><br>
<p>The new school served the community and the school district for a quarter-century before continuing growth fueled by suburbanization exceeded its capacity. In 1929 the district built the current Ossining High School downtown, on Highland Avenue. It was converted to an elementary school. The Ossining Historical Society, founded two years later, would be housed in the school for over three decades.</p><br>
<p>Ossining continued to grow, adding another four elementary schools over the next several decades. As the school districts reach extended beyond the town and village of Ossining to neighboring New Castle, racial disparities became evident. Since most of the districts minority population lived in Ossining, their children were concentrated at Washington.</p><br>
<p>In 1968 a state commission identified Ossining as one of the 54 most segregated districts in the state. Since the five elementary schools fed into a single middle and high school, racial tensions sometimes flared into riots that spilled off school grounds into the village&#39;s downtown business district. To remedy that, the school board voted to close Washington and implement busing to even the racial balance at the other schools.</p><br>
<p>The historical society moved to the Richard Austin House, further east along Croton, in 1968. Washington, already showing signs of physical decline, was closed in 1973. The district continued to use it for offices for another eight years, after which it was rented out to private parties.</p><br>
<p>In 2006 Joan Whittaker, pastor of the growing House of Refuge Apostolic Faith Church, which had worshipped at several other locations around Ossining, saw the building as a likely future location. She persisted despite being told it was not for sale, and eventually purchased it. After extensive renovations, it opened for services in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Bolton Priory is an historic home built in 1838 for the Reverend Robert Bolton and his family, in the Town of Pelham in Westchester County, New York. The home stands upon a wooded tract of land overlooking Pelham Bay; the once large estate surrounding it has now diminished to 3.7 acres. Influenced by the Romantic Movement in England, Bolton chose to design the house in the Romantic idiom. The building was designed to appear as if it had been constructed over a period of time; stone was used in one section and brick in another, to give the impression of various additions.</p><br>
<p>Bolton Priory serves as a good reflection of both the lifestyle and tastes of a cultivated, influential family in mid-19th century rural Pelham as well as a great example of the romantic theories of architectural design emerging in America at that time. The Priory was illustrated in the first edition of Andrew Jackson Downing&#39;s influential Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening published in 1841, in which he described it as a "highly unique residence in the old English style".</p><br>
<p>The home was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Purchased from the Siwanoy Indians by Thomas Pell in 1654 the tract of land known as Pelham had become by 1790 a largely agrarian settlement with a population of 199, of which 38 were slaves. Its relative proximity to New York City resulted for much of the succeeding century in the use of rural Pelham both as working farmland and as country estates for men associated with the economic and cultural life of the City to the south.</p><br>
<p>Born in the United States in 1778, Robert Bolton traveled as a young man to England where he received an education as a</p><br>
<p>minister and married Ann Jay, daughter of an English clergyman. Returning to America with his family of 13 children,</p><br>
<p>Bolton in 1836 was given St. Paul&#39;s Parish in the Town of Eastchester, Westchester County, and settled on a farm on</p><br>
<p>the site of the present village of Bronxville. The following year Bolton purchased 38 acres on Shore Road in the settlement of Pelham on which he completed the Priory residence in 1838.</p><br>
<p>It is believed that Washington Irving, a friend of Boltons, was closely associated with the design of both the house and the surrounding gardens. Boltons sons executed much of the interior finishing themselves, including the richly carved woodwork. and the stained glass made by William Jay Bolton, a pioneer in the manufacture of stained glass in America.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The main structure is composed of a long two-story block intersected by a gabled two-story wing, with a crenellated four story octagonal tower at the northern angle of that junction and a crenellated three-story square brick tower at the southwestern end of the main block. Washington Irving gave yellow bricks from the Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow to outline the construction date on the wall above the door.</p><br>
<p>The interior, also essentially little altered from the 19th century scheme, contains a number of well proportioned areas on the first floor. On the second floor eight rooms are accessible from a main hall which extends the full length of the house. The craftsmanship attributed to Robert Bolton&#39;s sons is exhibited in the richly detailed woodwork such as mantels and built-in bookcases.</p><br>
<p>Situated in the vicinity of the Priory are several structures associated with the property: Christ Church (1843), Christ Church Parish House (1845, 1876), Bolton Memorial Building (ca. 1848), Bolton Cottage (1810), and the Stables (1895).</p><br>
<p>The Hackenköpfe are a row of peaks in the western Kaisergebirge range in Austria. Their maximum height is 2,126 m. They are located in the ridge running west from the Sonneck between the Treffauer and Scheffauer. To the north their rock faces, up to 800 metres high, drop into the Kaisertal valley; to the south they present steep, craggy rock flanks. They are most usually scaled either over the arête from the Sonneck or along the one from the Scheffauer. Both normal routes include sections of UIAA grade II climbs and are not signed or secured. The popular, but challenging crossing of the crest running from the Scheffauer to the Sonneck from the base at Scheffau am Wilden Kaiser also involves the Hackenköpfe.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Scheffauer is a -high mountain in the Kaiser mountain range of the Northern Limestone Alps. It forms the western buttress of the Wilder Kaiser and is one of the most frequented summits in the Kaiser.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Scheffauer belongs to the lesser summits of the Wilder Kaiser and guards the western flank of the main crest of the mountain range. To the north and south mighty rock faces, up to 600 metres high, plunge into the valleys. At the southern foot of the Scheffauer lies Lake Hinterstein; to the west it is linked to the rarely visited Zettenkaiser, whilst to the east it is connected to the ridge of the Hackenköpfe. A worthwhile but difficult hike runs along this ridge to the Sonneck.</p><br>
<h2>Routes</h2><br>
<p>There are two frequently used routes to scale the Scheffauer; both are signposted and sufficiently secured.</p><br>
<p>from the south: the normal route begins in Scheffau am Wilden Kaiser and runs from the Bärnstatt Inn (Gasthaus) via the Alpine meadow of Steiner-Hochalm and across the steep, sunny, but less arduous schrofen on the southern flank of the mountain up to the summit cross. Duration: 3 hours.</p><br>
<p>from the north: the starting point for this route is the privately run Kaindl Hut. From there the path runs along the Widauersteig (a secured Klettersteig, UIAA climbing grade I) through the shadowed northern flank, largely over rocky terrain to the summit, more challenging than the southern route, duration from the Kaindl Hut: 2.5 hours.</p><br>
<p>The White Plains Armory is a historic building in White Plains, New York, in Westchester County.</p><br>
<p>Located at 65 Mitchell Place/35 South Broadway, the building was built to serve as a National Guard armory. Construction of the building began in 1909 and was completed in 1910. The police troop left the Armory in November 1929 after a new headquarters in Hawthorne was completed.</p><br>
<p>Subsequently, the building&#39;s tenants were the 106th Infantry Regiment and then the Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion, Company D, 212th Field Artillery.</p><br>
<p>It is located on the site of the first courthouse where the Declaration of Independence was read on July 11, 1776.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The building was vacated in 1977. In 1982, it was converted to Armory Plaza, a senior housing complex with a senior center on first floor.</p><br>
<p>The McGregor Memorial Conference Center is an office building located at 495 Ferry Mall, on the campus of Wayne State University in Midtown Detroit, Michigan. Completed in 1958, the building was the first commission of the noted Japanese-American architect Minoru Yamasaki marking his shift from traditional International Style to a style known as the New Formalism. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark for its architecture in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The McGregor Memorial Conference Center was funded by the McGregor Fund, as a memorial to Tracy W. and Katherine McGregor who initiated the fund in 1925. The McGregor Fund specified that the building be used as "a community conference center for groups of citizens interested in exploring ways and means of being helpful to others." To that end, Wayne State University hired architect Minoru Yamasaki in August 1955 to design the building. The commission came after Yamasakis long convalescence and subsequent trip to Japan, and was his first opportunity to put into practice his re-envisionment of architecture. Over the next seven years, Yamasaki designed three more buildings for Waynes campus: the Education Building, Prentis Hall, and DeRoy Auditorium.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The McGregor Memorial Conference Center is a two-story symmetrical pavilion covered with travertine marble. The McGregor Center contains 11 meeting rooms, a 600-seat auditorium, a 2,500 ft&sup2; reception area, and a 3,500 ft&sup2; exhibit space. Interior design features white marble floors, red carpeting, and black leather chairs by Mies van der Rohe.</p><br>
<p>The Hulls Trace North Huron River Corduroy Segment is a portion of Hulls Trace , a military road running from Urbana, Ohio to Detroit. Hulls Trace was the first military road and first federal road in the United States. This segment, the only known extant portion of the Trace, contains the remains of a corduroy road, and is located at approximately 36000 W Jefferson Avenue in Brownstown Charter Township, Michigan. The North Huron River Corduroy Segment of Hull&#39;s Trace was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the beginning of the War of 1812, the United States was concerned about supplying Fort Detroit, then in American hands, and the surrounding Michigan Territory. Since Lake Erie was controlled by British forces, overland supply was the only option. In June and July 1812, troops under the command of General William Hull constructed what became known as "Hull&#39;s Trace," a 200 mi military road running from Urbana, Ohio, to Fort Detroit. The section of road represented here was constructed on July 4, 1812. The original trace included a wooden bridge over the Huron River and segment of corduroy road on the north side of the bridge. The corduroy construction stabilized the marshy soil into a usable roadbed.</p><br>
<p>Hull&#39;s Trace ran close to both Lake Erie and the Detroit River, making it vulnerable to British attacks from the water. The first land-based skirmish of the war, the Battle of Brownstown, was fought on the road just north of this section of the road. The later battles of Maguaga and Frenchtown were also fought along the trace.</p><br>
<p>At the end of 1815, cognizant of the poor condition of interior roads and the adverse impact it had on the outcome of the War of 1812, General Andrew Jackson suggested building a military road from New Orleans to the Tennessee River. The United States Congress approved Jacksons suggestion in 1816; but work on the New Orleans road was not started until 1817. In 1816, troops began improving the section of Hulls Trace from Detroit to Fort Meigs, making it the first federally supported military road in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Support for these military roads gained steam, and in April 1818, the United States Congress instructed then-Secretary of War John C. Calhoun to form a plan "for the purpose of opening and constructing such roads and canals as may deserve and require the aid of the Government with a view to military operations in time of war." Calhouns plan included the then-ongoing improvement of Hulls Trace from Detroit to Fort Meigs. The trace was renamed the "Great Military Road".</p><br>
<p>Major General Alexander Macomb was tasked with the work on the roadway. Around 150–200 soldiers worked to improve the roadway, and 1819 it was in a usable state. By 1822, the difficulties of maintaining the roadway through the low, wet land was apparent when it was "almost impossible for wagons (even in good weather)" and "in the fall and spring it almost impossible to travel it on horseback".</p><br>
<p>The route eventually morphed into a civilian road, serving as a major link between Detroit and Toledo. Much of the trace became what is now known as West Jefferson Avenue. The replacement road, called the "United States Road", the "Detroit–Frenchtown Road" or the "Toledo & Detroit Turnpike" survives as River Road or US Turnpike in Monroe and Wayne counties.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The North Huron River Corduroy Segment of Hull&#39;s Trace is located along the west side of Jefferson Avenue, just north of the Jefferson Avenue–Huron River Bridge. This corduroy road segment consists of a series of logs oriented approximately horizontally, emerging from the Jefferson Avenue embankment near the water level of Silver Creek. Around 600 logs are included in the exposed section of the trace, spread out in a broken sequence over a distance of approximately 380 m. Some logs still exhibit axe marks. The logs are of similar diameter and lie parallel to each other.</p><br>
<p>The Christ Church Complex  is a historic Episcopal parish church and related structures at 5030 Riverdale Avenue in the Riverdale area of The Bronx in New York City.</p><br>
<p>The church was founded in 1866 and its building, made from brick and local stone with a simple pierced-wall belfry; the church building was built in 1866 to designs by architect Richard M. Upjohn.</p><br>
<p>Rev. Gustav Cartensen was Rector until 1919, when his liberal positions on issues such as permitting black children from a nearby "Negro orphan asylum" led to his resignation from the pulpit of Christ Church at the request of members of the vestry. He was then invited to take the pulpit at Holyrood Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<p>In addition to its traditional worship services, the church is home to the "Great Music Concert Series," which offers presentations of classical, sacred and jazz performances.</p><br>
<p>The Sonneck is a 2,260 m mountain in the Kaisergebirge range of the Northern Limestone Alps in Austria. On its broad peak stands a solid summit cross, the panorama is comprehensive and there are particularly good views of the Ellmauer Halt, the highest mountain in the range, the Treffauer and Lake Hinterstein.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Sonneck rises in the western part of the Wilder Kaiser on the main crest between the Hackenköpfe and Kopfkraxen in the west and Ellmauer Halt and Treffauer further east. It is one of the higher Kaiser peaks, but is rarely climbed.</p><br>
<h2>Routes</h2><br>
<p>The Sonneck is one of the easiest, but also rather unknown summits in the Kaisergebirge. It may be tackled by experienced and fit mountaineers either from the south or the north on two different routes.</p><br>
<p>South route: 4 hours to ascend, 3 hours to descend, 1,350 metre height difference</p><br>
<p>The start point for this route is Scheffau am Wilden Kaiser. Cars may taken as far as the Gasthaus Jägerwirt (910 m). Thereafter the route continues on foot, initially quite gently through woods and meadows reaching the Kaiser Hochalm meadow after just under 2 hours. After that it becomes steeper, running past the southern side of the Sonnenstein, then across slopes of mountain pine and open schrofen terrain, a demanding section up to the Kopfkraxen, a lower peak. On sunny, warm days it is essential to set off early otherwise the ascent will be tortuous. From the Kopfkraxen the route becomes more challenging along the airy, but secured ridge with a short climb up to the summit of the Sonneck. The last section requires sure-footedness and a head for heights.</p><br>
<p>North route: 6 hour to ascend, 4½ hours to descend, 1,750 metre height difference</p><br>
<p>The base for this route is Sparchen, a suburb of Kufstein. Initially this route involves a long approach march, but it is very scenic nevertheless. The trail runs through the Kaisertal valley past the Pfandlhof farm and St. Anthonys Chapel (Antoniuskapelle) and reaches the Anton Karg Haus in Hinterbärenbad after 2½ hours. It is possible to stay overnight here. The marked, but rarely used route now follows the "Beggars Trail" (Bettlersteig)for half an hour towards the Kaindl Hut, until the route to the Sonneck branches off. The trail climbs a continuously steep slope, which is none too exciting, high into the "Chamois Cirque" (Gamskar, which is aptly named) and runs along the Gamskarköpferl finally crossing a scree cirque painstakingly to reach the summit of the Sonneck.</p><br>
<p>Ridge crossing</p><br>
<p>It is possible to follow the entire ridge from the Sonneck over the Kopfkraxen, Wiesberg and Hackenköpfe to the Scheffauer. This route is, however, energy-sapping, lengthy, unmarked and unsecured and, in places, very exposed and laced with quite a few ascents. It may only be tackled by surefooted mountaineers with a head for heights and local knowledges and Alpine experience. The whole crossing from the Sonneck to the Scheffauer takes about 3 hours; and must be followed by a descent to the Kaindl Hut or to Lake Hinterstein. This ridge crossing may also be done in the opposite direction, but its length and difficulty is frequently underestimated.</p><br>
<p>The Empire Hotel in Bath, Somerset, England was built in 1901 and has been designated as a Grade II listed building. It is situated on Orange Grove close to both Bath Abbey and Pulteney Bridge.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by the Bath City Architect Major Charles Edward Davis for the hotelier Alfred Holland and built from Bath Stone, on the site of the Athenaeum. It was described by Sir Nikolaus Pevsner as a ‘monstrosity and an unbelievable piece of pompous architecture’.</p><br>
<p>The building occupies a large L shaped block. It is six storeys high plus the octagonal corner tower. The front of the building onto Orange Grove has eight bays and the side overlooking the River Avon has nine bays.</p><br>
<p>The architecture of the roof shows the three classes of people, Castle on the corner for Upper Class, A House for the Middle classes and a cottage for the lower classes.</p><br>
<p>During World War II it was used by the Royal Navy as a postal sorting offices and remained in their possession until the 1990s. It was then was refurbished and became apartments and a restaurant.</p><br>
<p>Putnam and Mellor Engine and Hose Company Firehouse was a historic fire station located at Port Chester, Westchester County, New York. It was built in 1888 and is a three story, three bay wide, masonry building in the Queen Anne style. It is constructed of red brick with stone stringcourses and terra cotta decoration. It features a low hipped roof with decorative gable ends and a corner bell tower.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The official name of this firehouse was the South Main Street Firehouse. The address was 46 South Main Street, Port Chester, NY. As described above, it housed the Putnam Engine & Hose Company, No.2 (founded Oct. 1854) and the Mellor Engine & Hose Company, No.3. The fire engines for these companies are Engine 63 and Engine 61, respectively.</p><br>
<p>In 1995 the rear wall of the South Main Street Firehouse collapsed, rendering the firehouse uninhabitable. Putnam and Mellor were temporarily displaced and eventually relocated to their current home – the South End Fire Station (51-53 Grace Church Street, Port Chester, NY). This new firehouse was completed in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Despite public outcry and despite being on the Register of Historic places, on November 17, 2007 the South Main Street Firehouse was demolished.</p><br>
<p>Reid Hall, also known as "The Castle," is a historic academic building located on the campus of Manhattanville College at Purchase, Westchester County, New York, United States.</p><br>
<p>It is a four-story, L-shaped building built of granite blocks in the Renaissance Revival style. It features a five-story tower and a corbelled battlement parapet that conceals a flat roof. It was designed by Stanford White and built in 1892 as a dwelling for Whitelaw Reid. Frederick Law Olmsted was hired to landscape his estate. Reid Hall occupies the footprint of the previous property owner Ben Holladay&#39;s Ophir Hall, which burned down and was rebuilt by Reid with the massive granite crenellated mansion. The building was expanded in 1912 by McKim, Mead & White with a large library wing and guest cottage.</p><br>
<p>Reid Hall was at one time a potential site for the United Nations.</p><br>
<p>The property was purchased by Manhattanville College in 1951.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>White&#39;s Island is an island located in Hamilton Harbour in Hamilton, Bermuda, the only island directly adjoined on all sides by the harbour.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was originally known as Hunt&#39;s Island. Following US independence, the Royal Navy, deprived of its continental bases between Nova Scotia and the West Indies, established the Royal Naval Dockyard on Ireland Island. In addition to Ireland, Boaz, and Watford islands at the West of the Great Sound, the Admiralty purchased most of the small islands in the Great Sound and Hamilton Harbour. Over the following century, the Royal Navy and the British Army found various uses of these smaller islands.</p><br>
<h3>US Naval use</h3><br>
<p>White&#39;s Island served as a United States Navy base (Number 24) during the closing years of the First World War, being used as a staging point for anti-submarine vessels deploying to the European theatre of operations during their trans-Atlantic crossings.</p><br>
<h2>Controversies</h2><br>
<p>Whites Island currently belongs to the Bermuda Government, assigned to its Department of Youth, Sport and Recreation, which has permitted its use for many years by youth charities. The Bermuda Sailing Association (BSA) had an informal lease, which it lost on September 28, 2010, when a minister of the Progressive Labour Party government granted a 21-year lease to a new charity, CARTEL (Challenging and Reclaiming the True Essence of Life), for use in its youth rehabilitation programme. The government of Bermuda closed the Training School, its last facility for juvenile delinquents (a youth prison that had been located on Paget Island, Bermuda, in St. Georges Harbour), two decades before. Leases of government land for twenty-one years or longer require parliamentary approval. The PLP government avoided this by granting a lease for one day short of twenty-one years. The BSA was forced to relocate its youth sailing programme to Darrells Island. The Bermuda Amateur Swimming Association (BASA), which had also long had free use of Whites Island for its own youth programme, was advised it would have to pay CARTEL $10 per child per week for its continued use of the island. The Bermuda Rowing Association was permitted to continue its use of the island for its youth programme at no charge. The granting of a lease to CARTEL, which is controlled by PLP party officers, is tied to wider accusations of the misappropriation of government revenues and assets by the PLP, which was defeated in the parliamentary election of 2012.</p><br>
<p>The association typically welcomes 80 to 120 children a week to the camp, meaning it could have to pay CARTEL as much as $7,200 before the end of the summer.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, the Corporation of the City of Hamilton revealed its controversial redevelopment plans for the Hamilton waterfront, which include a casino hotel on White&#39;s. As gambling is illegal in Bermuda, and a promised referendum on its legalisation has not yet been held, critics have questioned why the corporation and the private company with which it has partnered are already planning a casino.</p><br>
<p>At 2,304 m, the Treffauer is the third highest mountain in the Kaisergebirge range of the Alps. It lies in the Austrian state of Tyrol.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Treffauer rises south of the main ridge and is therefore the most striking mountain in the Wilder Kaiser. Somewhat separated to the north of the Treffauer the long main ridge runs from west to east between the Scheffauer, Sonneck and Zentralkaiser around the Ellmauer Halt. In front of it to the south is the Tuxeck.</p><br>
<h2>Routes</h2><br>
<p>Amongst mountaineers the Treffauer is considered an arduous, but nevertheless worthwhile and not especially difficult tour. However, Alpine experience, good fitness, dry conditions, sure-footedness and a head for heights are necessary. The designated normal route to the Treffauer begins in Scheffau and runs via the Jägerwirt, the Alpine meadow of the Kaiser Hochalm, the Snow Cirque (Schneekar) and the shaded western flank taking around 4 hours to reach the summit cross. This route is the easiest by far and, unlike the neighbouring Ellmauer Halt, less challenging. Popular, but not to be underestimated is the crossing to the Tuxeck with its succeeding descent to the Grutten Hut. This requires difficult and unsecured climbing sections of up to UIAA grade III to be overcome; in addition there is a high risk of rock falls in the confusing terrain. The Treffauer is one of the few summits in the Wilder Kaiser that does not attract climbers.</p><br>
<p>Battlegore Burial Chamber is a Bronze Age burial chamber located in Williton, Somerset. It is composed of three round barrows and possibly a long, chambered barrow. The name "Battlegore" comes from this site being attributed to the location of a Danish raid in 918 AD or 988 AD. At least as early as the 14th century, the site was referred to as "Bytelgore", a predecessor of the word "Battlegore". Along with three nearby round barrows it has been scheduled as an ancient monument.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The most northernly of the barrows is around 18 m in diameter and 1 m high. It is partially surrounded by a shallow ditch with a radius of 45 m. 20 m east of this barrow is a small mound about 6.5 m wide and 25 cm high. Gray found four other mounds in addition to this small one, but he was unable to find anything that would indicate the importance of these small mounds. A large urn, found 20 ft to the east of the center of the barrow, contained the cremated remains of a human.</p><br>
<p>Just south of this is another one of the three major round barrows, and it was around 8 ft high as of 1969. Between this and the southernmost of the three major barrows is a ring ditch, which might be another barrow. The final, southernmost barrow is around 27 m in diameter and 1.8 m in height. Unlike the previous barrow, this one has not been ploughed, and as such it is in better condition.</p><br>
<p>The chambered barrow is composed of three stones. The largest is 3.1 m long, 1.2 m wide, and.7 m deep; the second-largest is 1.6 m long.8 m wide, and.5 m deep; and the smallest is 1 m long.5 m wide, and.3 m deep. According to legend, the devil and a giant&#39;s quarrel caused these stones to be thrown there.</p><br>
<h2>Artifacts</h2><br>
<p>Neolithic pottery and flint artifacts have been found at this site. Archaeologists also found bronze items, including a "knife dagger", a broken dagger, a rapier, a spearhead, and a winged axe. A field of Mesolithic flint artifacts has been found to the north of Battlegore.</p><br>
<p>Leon , also known colloquially as Nisi  and during Venetian rule as Rabbit Island, is an islet in Souda Bay on the northwest coast of Crete.</p><br>
<p>On the southeast side of the islet, a small distance away, there is another larger islet called Souda. In ancient times these two islets were referred to as Leukai (Greek for "white ones") and pronounced "Lefkai". Their name came from the ancient Greek myth about a musical contest between the Sirens and the Muses. Out of their anguish from losing the competition, writes Stephanus of Byzantium, the Muses plucked their rivals&#39; feathers from their wings; the Sirens turned white and fell into the sea at Aptera ("featherless") where they formed the islands in the bay that were called Lefkai.</p><br>
<p>Sacred Heart of Jesus Catholic Church is a parish of the Roman Catholic Church in McCartyville, Ohio, United States. Founded in the late nineteenth century, it remains an active parish to the present day. Its rectory, which was built in the early twentieth century, has been designated a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Parish history</h2><br>
<p>During the middle third of the nineteenth century, Ohioans began to clear the forests of the Great Black Swamp region, revealing fertile prairies. As these lands became open for farming, and as the construction of the Miami and Erie Canal created significant demand for laborers, the economy of western Ohio grew rapidly. Most settlers in the region were German farmers, while significant numbers of the canal workers were Irish. By 1850, priests of the Society of the Precious Blood had become established in the village of Minster, From that place, they spread out to serve the Catholics of the surrounding region.</p><br>
<p>Located in northwestern Shelby County, approximately 3 mi apart, St. Patrick&#39;s Catholic Church was organized in 1862; it was originally served by priests from Minster, and from Fort Loramie to the southwest. This arrangement endured until 1882; in this year, the McCartyville parishioners were separated into their own parish, which was dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. Twenty families formed the charter membership of the new church, which was the last parish to be created within the original boundaries of St. Augustine parish in Minster. Precious Blood priests continued to serve the parish until 1906; since that time, the parish has been served by diocesan priests.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>Three buildings are associated with the parish: the rectory, the church, and a former school. All three lie along the northern side of State Route 119 just east of its intersection with State Route 29. A cemetery is also associated with the church.</p><br>
<h3>Rectory</h3><br>
<p>From the earliest years of Catholic settlement in the Black Swamp region, parish priests typically lived at the convent closest to their churches. Early in the twentieth century, all parishes in the Archdiocese of Cincinnati were enjoined to construct rectories for their priests. Many of these houses were simple two-story rectangular brick structures with hipped roofs. The rectory at Sacred Heart church, which is similar to many other rectories in the region, lies immediately west of the church. Built in 1911, it is a square-shaped building with three bays on each side that rests upon a foundation of cut stone with a concrete water table and a basement. Among its distinctive architectural features are a prominent cornice, large lug sills and lintels around the windows, and sidelights on both sides of the main entrance. Dominating the facade is a massive verandah-style porch with heavy brick pillars and a brick railing. The interior may be accessed through the recessed front door on the porch or through an exterior in-ground basement entrance.</p><br>
<h3>Church</h3><br>
<p>Located east of the rectory and west of the school, the recently constructed parish church is the largest building associated with Sacred Heart parish.</p><br>
<h3>School</h3><br>
<p>Many Precious Blood-served parishes in the Black Swamp region founded small parish schools for their children, because the Society and the settlers of the region placed great emphasis on Catholic education. Sacred Heart was one of these churches; its present school building was constructed in 1930. After only a few years of use, the school closed, and its building was sold to the state government for use as a public school.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>In 1977, the Sacred Heart rectory was recorded by the "Ohio Historic Inventory," a historic preservation program of the Ohio Historical Society. The inventory found no evidence of a preservation program for the house; however, it was seen as being in good condition without any threats to its historic integrity. Although it was assessed at that time as being ineligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, it was listed on the Register two years later because of its historically significant architecture. It was one of more than thirty different Catholic churches, rectories, and other buildings to be added together to the Register; they composed a multiple property submission of buildings in western Ohio connected to the Society of the Precious Blood. Many of the churches in the region feature tall steeples that can be seen from far away; as a result, the region has become known as the "Land of the Cross-Tipped Churches."</p><br>
<p>Unlike its sister parish in St. Patrick, Sacred Heart remains an active parish in the Archdiocese of Cincinnati. It is clustered with Immaculate Conception parish in Botkins and St. Lawrence parish in Rhine; all three churches are part of the Sidney Deanery.</p><br>
<p>The J. C. Penney House in Kemmerer, Wyoming was the home of James Cash Penney, the founder of the J. C. Penney department stores, during the 1904-1909 period that he developed his formula for a successful dry goods store. Penney and wife moved to Kemmerer in 1902 and lived in the garret of a small house. With a child, it was too small, and Penney bought this two-story house in 1904. It was small, too: about 25 ft wide and sloping down to the back, going about 30 ft deep.</p><br>
<p>During this period he was operating the "mother store" of the future J.C. Penney empire.</p><br>
<p>It is now operated as a house museum at least during the summer.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Armstrong Row is a series of 11 brick row houses in Maysville, Kentucky built between 1820 and 1833 by John Armstrong, a local industrialist, entrepreneur and real estate developer. Vacant lots were purchased by an Armstrong owned company that operated the Maysville cotton mill. The company continued to operate as the January & Wood Company until 2003. Armstrong also developed a number of other row house projects in Maysville including the Federal style row houses on Limestone Street, Mechanic&#39;s Row, and the "Allen Block".</p><br>
<p>The Armstrong Row houses are two story brick with gable roofs and stepped parapet walls in both Federal and Greek Revival style. The facade is Flemish bond and sides are common bond. Although similar in construction, the gable roofs vary in pitch suggesting the buildings were constructed either by more than one builder or over a period of time.</p><br>
<p>John Armstrong was born in Ireland in 1779 and emigrated to America with his family circa 1790. He bought his first Maysville property in 1800 from Jacob Boone, a first cousin of Daniel Boone. He later operated several wholesale houses on front street becoming wealthy in the process.</p><br>
<p>Armstrong was instrumental in the early development of the city and was the first to sign a petition to move the county seat from Washington to Maysville. He was a member of the company responsible for building the Maysville and Lexington Turnpike, he established the first bank in Kentucky in Maysville in 1818, and was a member of the committee that welcomed General Lafayette to Maysville in an 1825 visit.</p><br>
